1977-1979: Broodbank Fellow at University of Cambridge (Food spoilage microbiology) 1979-1986: Postdoctoral fellow at University of Oxford, Physical Chemistry Laboratory (Microbe-metal interactions and metal recovery) 1986-1991: Departmental Demonstrator in Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford and BTP Fellow, Pembroke College Oxford from 1988-1991 (Bioprocess development) 1991-date: University of Birmingham Lecturer in Biotechnology 1991, Personal Chair 2003.